Mule Deer, also known as black-tail deer, are ideally suited to the rugged slopes of the Rocky Mountains. A large number inhabit the park in summer, but most migrate to lower elevations, or "winter range" outside the park in the winter. Like the elk and bison, mule deer were reduced to dangerously low numbers in the mid-nineteenth century due to over-hunting. At the turn of the century, Yellowstone served as a sanctuary and continues to protect them from hunters within the park's boundaries. Mule deer are browsers with a highly varied diet. They feed on grasses during spring and summer and on branches of trees and shrubs in winter.

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The moose is the largest member of the deer family with mature bulls weighing more than 1,000 pounds. The bull moose produces large palmate antlers which are shed annually. Cow moose do not have antlers. Calves are born in the spring and remain with the cow for a year. Cow moose will aggressively protect their young from any perceived threat. Moose browse on twigs and leaves. Willows are an important food source, and moose also feed on submerged aquatic plants. Moose are dark in color ranging from brown to black. The moose also has long legs which are an adaptation to the thick marshes where it feeds and to a habitat that is covered by deep snow much of the year